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. October 2010 Author: Robert Blodgett (retired) For additional Information, contact: or Revision History:.
April 2015: Contact for this Appendix was updated. October 2010: Equation for most probable number (MPN) replaced with graphical version; Added expanatory note for the downloadable spreadsheet. July 2003: Added Table 5. For 10 tubes at 10 ml inocula and link to spreadsheet. Background Serial dilution tests measure the concentration of a target microbe in a sample with an estimate called the most probable number (MPN).
The MPN is particularly useful for low concentrations of organisms (. Table of Examples Examples 10 g 1 g.1 g.01 g.001 g A 4 1 0 0 0 410xx B 5 5 1 0 0 x510x C 4 5 4 5 1 xx451 D 4 5 4 3 1 xx431 E 4 3 0 1 1 432xx F 4 3 3 2 1 xx321 Conversion of Table Units The tables below apply to inocula of 0.1, 0.01, and 0.001 g. When different inocula are selected for table reference, multiply the MPN/g and confidence limits by whatever multiplier makes the inocula match the table inocula. For example, if the inocula were 0.01, 0.001, and 0.0001 with three tubes per dilution, multiplying by 10 would make these inocula match the table inocula. If the outcome were (3, 1, 0), multiply the MPN/g estimate, 43/g, by 10 to arrive at 430/g. Bounds and approximations for a design without a table The MPN for a serial dilutions not addressed by any table (e.g., resulting from accidental loss of some tubes) may be computed by iteration or bounded as follows.
Where W and Q are two disjoint sets of dilutions that together contain all the dilutions. The lower bound allows low dilutions with all positive tubes to be deleted from the bound. Blodgett (2005b) introduces these and other bounds. The following gives an estimate of the MPN. First, select the lowest dilution that doesn't have all positive tubes.
Second, select the highest dilution with at least one positive tube. Finally, select all the dilutions between them. Use only the selected dilutions in the following formula of Thomas (1942): MPN/g = (∑ g j) / (∑ t jm j ∑ (t j-g j)m j) (½) where the summation is over the selected dilutions and ∑ g j denotes the number of positive tubes in the selected dilutions, ∑ t jm j denotes the grams of sample in all tubes in the selected dilutions, ∑ (t j-g j)m j denotes the grams of sample in all negative tubes in the selected dilutions. The following examples will illustrate the application of Thomas's formula.
We assume that the dilutions are 1.0, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001, and 0.0001 g. For outcome (5/5, 10/10, 4/10, 2/10, 0/5) use only (–,–, 4/10, 2/10,–); so ∑ t jm j = 10.0.01 + 10.0.001 = 0.11. Where. means multiplication.
There are 6 negative tubes at 0.01 and 8 negative tubes at 0.001, so ∑ (t j-g j)m j = 6.0.01 + 8.0.001 = 0.068. There are 6 positive tubes, so MPN/g = 6/(0.068. 0.11) (½) = 6/0.086 = 70/g Example (2). For outcome (5/5, 10/10, 10/10, 0/10, 0/5) use only(–, –, 10/10, 0/10,–), so by Thomas's formula, MPN/g = 10/(0.01.
0.11) (½) = 10/.0332=300/g These two approximated MPNs compare well with the MPNs for (10, 4, 2) and (10,10,0) (i.e., 70/g and 240/g, respectively). Approximate confidence limits for any dilution test outcome can be calculated by first estimating the standard error of log 10(MPN) by the method of Haldane. We describe the method for 3 dilutions, but it can be shortened to 2 or extended to any positive number. Let m 1, m 2, m 3 denote the inoculation amounts at the largest to the smallest amounts (e.g., m 1 = 0.1 g, m 2 = 0.01 g, m 3 = 0.001 g in these tables). Let g 1, g 2, g 3 denote the numbers of positive tubes at the corresponding dilutions. For legibility, we denote y x by 'y.x' and 'y times x' by 'y.x'.
Now we compute T1 = exp(-mpn.m 1), T2 = exp(-mpn.m 2), etc. Then we compute B = g 1.m 1.m 1.T1/((T1 - 1).2 +. + g 3.m 3.m 3.T3/((T3 - 1).2). Finally, we compute Standard Error of Log 10(mpn) = 1/(2.303.mpn.(B.0.5)) Now the 95 percent confidence intervals, for example, are found at Log 10(mpn) ± 1.96.(Standard Error).
MPN for a Single Dilution with any Positive Tubes If just one dilution has any positive tubes, then a simpler expression gives its MPN. MPN/g = (1/m).2.303.log 10((∑ t jm j)/(∑ (t j-g j)m j)) Where m denotes the amount of sample in each tube in the dilution with a positive tube. Special requirements and tables included The attached spreadsheet should be able to handle most specialized designs. Garthright and Blodgett (2003) discusses this spreadsheet. Requests for special computations and different designs will be honored as resources permit. Designs may be requested with more or less than 3 dilutions, uneven numbers of tubes, different confidence levels, etc.
(Telephone 301-436-1836 or write the Division of Mathematics, FDA/CFSAN, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, HFS-205 Rm 2D-011, College Park, MD 20740) The most-published designs, three 10-fold dilutions with 3, 5, 8, or 10 tubes at each dilution, are presented here. References. Blodgett, R. Serial dilution with a confirmation step. Food Microbiology 22:547-552. Blodgett, R. Upper and lower bounds for a serial dilution test.
Journal of the AOAC international 88 (4):1227-1230. Cochran, W. Estimation of bacterial densities by means of the 'Most Probable Number.' Biometrics 6:105-116. MPN tables, corrected. Eisenhart, C., and P.
Statistical methods and control in bacteriology. Garthright, W. And Blodgett, R.J. 2003, FDA's preferred MPN methods for Standard, large or unusualtests, with a spreadsheet. Food Microbiology 20:439-445.
Garthright, W. Bias in the logarithm of microbial density estimates from serial dilutions. 35: 3:299-314. Haldane, J.B.S. Sampling errors in the determination of bacterial or virus density by the dilution method. Halvorson, H.
Application of statistics to problems in bacteriology. 25:101-121; 26:331-339; 26:559-567. McCrady, M. The numerical interpretation of fermentation-tube results. Houghtby, and A.
The most probable number technique, Compendium of Methods for the Microbiological Examination of Foods, 3rd Ed., 105-120. Bacterial densities from fermentation tube tests.
Water Works Assoc. Woodward, R. How probable is the most probable number? Water Works Assoc. Tables. (Added July 2003). Table 1 For 3 tubes each at 0.1, 0.01, and 0.001 g inocula, the MPNs per gram and 95 percent confidence intervals.
Tubes MPN/g Conf. Tubes MPN/g Conf. 0.10 0.01 0.001 Low High 0.10 0.01 0.001 Low High 0 0 0 1100 420 –. Table 2 For 5 tubes each at 0.1, 0.01, and 0.001 g inocula, the MPNs and 95 percent confidence intervals.
Tubes MPN/g Conf. Tubes MPN/g Conf. 0.1 0.01 0.001 Low High 0.1 0.01 0.001 Low High 0 0 0 1600 700 –. Table 3 For 10 tubes at each of 0.1, 0.01, and 0.001 g inocula, the MPNs and 95 percent confidence intervals. Tubes MPN/g Conf.
Tubes MPN/g Conf. 0.1 0.01 0.001 Low High 0.1 0.01 0.001 Low High 0 0 0 2300 1300 – Table 4. For 8 tubes each at 0.1, 0.01, and 0.001 g inocula, the MPNs per gram and 95 percent confidence intervals. For 8 tubes at each of 0.1, 0.01, and 0.001 g inocula, the MPNs and 95 percent confidence intervals. Tubes MPN/g conf. 0.10 0.01 0.001 Low High 0 0 0 2100 1000 – (Added July 2003).
Table 5 For 10 tubes at 10 ml inocula, the MPN per 100 ml and 95 percent confidence intervals. Tubes MPN/100ml Conf. Low High 0 23 12 – (Added July 2003) an Excel spreadsheet to calculate values (zip file). Note: The confidence intervals of the spreadsheet and the tables associated with this appendix may be different.
The MPN Excel spreadsheet uses a normal approximation to the log (MPN) to calculate its confidence intervals. This approximation is similar to a normal approximation discussed in Haldane (1939). This approximation is less computationally intense so more appropriate for a spreadsheet than de Man's confidence intervals. Hypertext Source: BAM 8th Edition, Modified from Revision A CD ROM version 1998 on 6/21/2000.
-->The Win32_BIOSWMI class represents the attributes of the computer system's basic input/output services (BIOS) that are installed on a computer.
The following syntax is simplified from Managed Object Format (MOF) code and includes all of the inherited properties. Properties are listed in alphabetic order, not MOF order.
Syntax
Members
The Win32_BIOS class has these types of members:
Properties
The Win32_BIOS class has these properties.
BiosCharacteristics
Data type: uint16 array
Access type: Read-only
Qualifiers: MappingStrings ('SMBIOS Type 0 BIOS Characteristics')
Array of BIOS characteristics supported by the system as defined by the System Management BIOS Reference Specification.
This value comes from the BIOS Characteristics member of the BIOS Information structure in the SMBIOS information.
The possible values are.
Reserved (0)
Reserved (1)
Unknown (2)
BIOS Characteristics Not Supported (3)
ISA is supported (4)
MCA is supported (5)
EISA is supported (6)
PCI is supported (7)
PC Card (PCMCIA) is supported (8)
Plug and Play is supported (9)
APM is supported (10)
BIOS is Upgradeable (Flash) (11)
BIOS is Upgradable (Flash)
BIOS shadowing is allowed (12)
VL-VESA is supported (13)
ESCD support is available (14)
Boot from CD is supported (15)
Selectable Boot is supported (16)
BIOS ROM is socketed (17)
Boot From PC Card (PCMCIA) is supported (18)
EDD (Enhanced Disk Drive) Specification is supported (19)
Int 13h - Japanese Floppy for NEC 9800 1.2mb (3.5', 1k Bytes/Sector, 360 RPM) is supported (20)
Int 13h - Japanese Floppy for NEC 9800 1.2mb (3.5, 1k Bytes/Sector, 360 RPM) is supported
Int 13h - Japanese Floppy for Toshiba 1.2mb (3.5', 360 RPM) is supported (21)
Int 13h - Japanese Floppy for Toshiba 1.2mb (3.5, 360 RPM) is supported
Int 13h - 5.25' / 360 KB Floppy Services are supported (22)
Int 13h - 5.25 / 360 KB Floppy Services are supported
Int 13h - 5.25' /1.2MB Floppy Services are supported (23)
Int 13h - 5.25 /1.2MB Floppy Services are supported
Int 13h - 3.5' / 720 KB Floppy Services are supported (24)
Int 13h - 3.5 / 720 KB Floppy Services are supported
Int 13h - 3.5' / 2.88 MB Floppy Services are supported (25)
Int 13h - 3.5 / 2.88 MB Floppy Services are supported
Int 5h, Print Screen Service is supported (26)
Int 9h, 8042 Keyboard services are supported (27)
Int 14h, Serial Services are supported (28)
Int 17h, printer services are supported (29)
Int 10h, CGA/Mono Video Services are supported (30)
NEC PC-98 (31)
ACPI supported (32)
ACPI is supported
USB Legacy is supported (33)
AGP is supported (34)
I2O boot is supported (35)
LS-120 boot is supported (36)
ATAPI ZIP Drive boot is supported (37)
1394 boot is supported (38)
Smart Battery supported (39)
Smart Battery is supported
40 47
Reserved for BIOS vendor
48 63
Reserved for system vendor
BIOSVersion
Data type: string array
Access type: Read-only
Array of the complete system BIOS information. In many computers there can be several version strings that are stored in the registry and represent the system BIOS information.
BuildNumber
Data type: string
Access type: Read-only
Qualifiers: Maxlen (64), Mappingstrings ('MIF.DMTF Software Component Information 002.4')
Internal identifier for this compilation of this software element.
This property is inherited from CIM_SoftwareElement.
Caption
Data type: string
Access type: Read-only
Qualifiers: MaxLen (64), DisplayName ('Caption')
Short description of the object a one-line string.
This property is inherited from CIM_ManagedSystemElement.
CodeSet
Data type: string
Access type: Read-only
Qualifiers: Maxlen (64)
Code set used by this software element.
This property is inherited from CIM_SoftwareElement.
CurrentLanguage
Data type: string
Access type: Read-only
Qualifiers: MappingStrings ('SMBIOS Type 13 Current Language')
Name of the current BIOS language.
Description
Data type: string
Access type: Read-only
Qualifiers: DisplayName ('Description')
Description of the object.
This property is inherited from CIM_ManagedSystemElement.
EmbeddedControllerMajorVersion
Data type: uint8
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Access type: Read-only
Qualifiers: MappingStrings ('SMBIOS Type 0 Embedded Controller Firmware Major Release')
The major release of the embedded controller firmware.
This value comes from the Embedded Controller Firmware Major Release member of the BIOS Information structure in the SMBIOS information.
Windows Server 2012 R2, Windows 8.1, Windows Server 2012, Windows 8, Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows 7, Windows Server 2008 and Windows Vista: This property is not supported before Windows 10 and Windows Server 2016.
EmbeddedControllerMinorVersion
Data type: uint8
Access type: Read-only
Qualifiers: MappingStrings ('SMBIOS Type 0 Embedded Controller Firmware Minor Release')
The minor release of the embedded controller firmware.
This value comes from the Embedded Controller Firmware Minor Release member of the BIOS Information structure in the SMBIOS information.
Windows Server 2012 R2, Windows 8.1, Windows Server 2012, Windows 8, Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows 7, Windows Server 2008 and Windows Vista: This property is not supported before Windows 10 and Windows Server 2016.
IdentificationCode
Data type: string
Access type: Read-only
Qualifiers: Maxlen (64), Mappingstrings ('MIF.DMTF Software Component Information 002.7')
Manufacturer's identifier for this software element. Often this will be a stock keeping unit (SKU) or a part number.
This property is inherited from CIM_SoftwareElement.
InstallableLanguages
Data type: uint16
Access type: Read-only
Qualifiers: MappingStrings ('SMBIOS Type 13 Installable Languages')
Number of languages available for installation on this system. Language may determine properties such as the need for Unicode and bidirectional text.
InstallDate
Data type: datetime
Access type: Read-only
Qualifiers: MappingStrings ('MIF.DMTF ComponentID 001.5'), DisplayName ('Install Date')
Date and time the object was installed. This property does not need a value to indicate that the object is installed.
This property is inherited from CIM_ManagedSystemElement.
LanguageEdition
Data type: string
Access type: Read-only
Qualifiers: Maxlen (32), Mappingstrings ('MIF.DMTF Software Component Information 002.6')
Language edition of this software element. The language codes defined in ISO 639 should be used. Where the software element represents a multilingual or international version of a product, the string 'multilingual' should be used.
This property is inherited from CIM_SoftwareElement.
ListOfLanguages
Data type: String array
Access type: Read-only
Qualifiers: MappingStrings ('SMBIOS Type 13 Language Strings')
Array of names of available BIOS-installable languages.
Manufacturer
Data type: string
Access type: Read-only
Qualifiers: MappingStrings ('MIF.DMTF System BIOS 001.2')
Manufacturer of this software element.
This value comes from the Vendor member of the BIOS Information structure in the SMBIOS information.
This property is inherited from CIM_SoftwareElement.
Name
Data type: string
Access type: Read-only
Qualifiers: key, maxlen (256)
Name used to identify this software element.
This property is inherited from CIM_ManagedSystemElement.
OtherTargetOS
Data type: string
Access type: Read-only
Qualifiers: Maxlen (64), ModelCorrespondence ('CIM_OperatingSystem.OtherTypeDescription')
Records the manufacturer and operating system type for a software element when the TargetOperatingSystem property has a value of 1 (Other). When TargetOperatingSystem has a value of 1, OtherTargetOS must have a nonnull value. For all other values of TargetOperatingSystem, OtherTargetOS is NULL.
This property is inherited from CIM_SoftwareElement.
PrimaryBIOS
Data type: boolean
Access type: Read-only
Qualifiers: MappingStrings ('MIF.DMTF System BIOS 001.9')
If TRUE, this is the primary BIOS of the computer system.
This property is inherited from CIM_BIOSElement.
ReleaseDate
Data type: datetime
Access type: Read-only
Release date of the Windows BIOS in the Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) format of YYYYMMDDHHMMSS.MMMMMM(+-)OOO.
This value comes from the BIOS Release Date member of the BIOS Information structure in the SMBIOS information.
SerialNumber
Data type: string
Access type: Read-only
Qualifiers: Maxlen (64), Mappingstrings ('MIF.DMTF ComponentID 001.4')
Assigned serial number of the software element.
This property is inherited from CIM_SoftwareElement.
SMBIOSBIOSVersion
Data type: string
Access type: Read-only
Qualifiers: MappingStrings ('SMBIOS Type 0 BIOS Version')
BIOS version as reported by SMBIOS.
This value comes from the BIOS Version member of the BIOS Information structure in the SMBIOS information.
SMBIOSMajorVersion
Data type: uint16
Access type: Read-only
Qualifiers: MappingStrings ('SMBIOS CSMBios GetVersion')
Major SMBIOS version number. This property is NULL if SMBIOS is not found.
SMBIOSMinorVersion
Data type: uint16
Access type: Read-only
Qualifiers: MappingStrings ('SMBIOS CSMBios GetVersion')
Minor SMBIOS version number. This property is NULL if SMBIOS is not found.
SMBIOSPresent
Data type: boolean
Access type: Read-only
Qualifiers: MappingStrings ('SMBIOS CSMBios Init')
If true, the SMBIOS is available on this computer system.
SoftwareElementID
Data type: string
Access type: Read-only
Qualifiers: key, maxlen (256)
Identifier for this software element; designed to be used in conjunction with other keys to create a unique representation of this instance.
This property is inherited from CIM_SoftwareElement.
SoftwareElementState
Data type: uint16
Access type: Read-only
Qualifiers: key
State of a software element.
This property is inherited from CIM_SoftwareElement.
The possible values are.
Deployable (0)
Installable (1)
Executable (2)
Running (3)
Status
Data type: string
Access type: Read-only
Qualifiers: MaxLen (10), DisplayName ('Status')
Current status of the object. Various operational and nonoperational statuses can be defined. Operational statuses include: 'OK', 'Degraded', and 'Pred Fail' (an element, such as a SMART-enabled hard disk drive, may be functioning properly but predicting a failure in the near future). Nonoperational statuses include: 'Error', 'Starting', 'Stopping', and 'Service'. The latter, 'Service', could apply during mirror-resilvering of a disk, reload of a user permissions list, or other administrative work. Not all such work is online, yet the managed element is neither 'OK' nor in one of the other states.
This property is inherited from CIM_ManagedSystemElement.
The possible values are.
OK ('OK')
Error ('Error')
Degraded ('Degraded')
Unknown ('Unknown')
Pred Fail ('Pred Fail')
Starting ('Starting')
Stopping ('Stopping')
Service ('Service')
Stressed ('Stressed')
NonRecover ('NonRecover')
No Contact ('No Contact')
Lost Comm ('Lost Comm')
SystemBiosMajorVersion
Data type: uint8
Access type: Read-only
Qualifiers: MappingStrings ('SMBIOS Type 0 System BIOS Major Release')
The major release of the System BIOS.
This value comes from the System BIOS Major Release member of the BIOS Information structure in the SMBIOS information.
Windows Server 2012 R2, Windows 8.1, Windows Server 2012, Windows 8, Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows 7, Windows Server 2008 and Windows Vista: This property is not supported before Windows 10 and Windows Server 2016.
SystemBiosMinorVersion
Data type: uint8
Access type: Read-only
Qualifiers: MappingStrings ('SMBIOS Type 0 System BIOS Minor Release')
The minor release of the System BIOS.
This value comes from the System BIOS Minor Release member of the BIOS Information structure in the SMBIOS information.
Windows Server 2012 R2, Windows 8.1, Windows Server 2012, Windows 8, Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows 7, Windows Server 2008 and Windows Vista: This property is not supported before Windows 10 and Windows Server 2016.
TargetOperatingSystem
Data type: uint16
Access type: Read-only
Qualifiers: key, Mappingstrings ('MIF.DMTF Software Component Information 002.5'), ModelCorrespondence ('CIM_OperatingSystem.OSType')
Target operating system of the owning software element.
This property is inherited from CIM_SoftwareElement.
The possible values are.
Unknown (0)
Other (1)
MACOS (2)
ATTUNIX (3)
DGUX (4)
DECNT (5)
Digital Unix (6)
OpenVMS (7)
HPUX (8)
AIX (9)
MVS (10)
OS400 (11)
OS/2 (12)
JavaVM (13)
MSDOS (14)
WIN3x (15)
WIN95 (16)
WIN98 (17)
WINNT (18)
WINCE (19)
NCR3000 (20)
NetWare (21)
OSF (22)
DC/OS (23)
Reliant UNIX (24)
SCO UnixWare (25)
SCO OpenServer (26)
Sequent (27)
IRIX (28)
Solaris (29)
SunOS (30)
U6000 (31)
ASERIES (32)
TandemNSK (33)
TandemNT (34)
BS2000 (35)
LINUX (36)
Lynx (37)
XENIX (38)
VM/ESA (39)
Interactive UNIX (40)
BSDUNIX (41)
FreeBSD (42)
NetBSD (43)
GNU Hurd (44)
OS9 (45)
MACH Kernel (46)
Inferno (47)
QNX (48)
EPOC (49)
IxWorks (50)
VxWorks (51)
MiNT (52)
BeOS (53)
HP MPE (54)
NextStep (55)
PalmPilot (56)
Rhapsody (57)
Windows 2000 (58)
Dedicated (59)
VSE (60)
TPF (61)
Version
Data type: string
Access type: Read-only
Qualifiers: Override ('Version'), Mappingstrings ('Win32Registry HARDWAREDescriptionSystem SystemBiosVersion')
Version of the BIOS. This string is created by the BIOS manufacturer.
This property is inherited from CIM_SoftwareElement.
Remarks
The Win32_BIOS class is derived from CIM_BIOSElement.
The properties in the Win32_BIOS class may change for a specific computer system with the same BIOS, for example booting through a legacy BIOS mode vs. booting through UEFI BIOS mode. However the properties retrieved from the SMBIOS structures should remain the same.
Examples
The Get-ComputerInfo - Query Computer Info From Local/Remote Computers - (WMI) PowerShell sample on TechNet Gallery uses a number of calls to hardware and software, including Win32_BIOS, to display information about a local or remote system.
The Generate system information as XML hierarchy VBScript sample on TechNet Gallery uses a number of calls to hardware and software, including Win32_BIOS, to generate an XML representation of a system using a manual XML output.
The following PowerShell code sample uses Win32_BIOS to return characteristics of the BIOS
The previous code sample returns the following information:
Requirements
| Minimum supported client | Windows Vista |
| Minimum supported server | Windows Server 2008 |
| Namespace | RootCIMV2 |
| MOF |
|
| DLL |
|